A
carpet is a
textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached to a backing. The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre such as polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are often heat-treated to maintain their structure.
Carpet type
Woven
Plush carpet is a cut pile and berber carpet is a loop pile. There are new styles of carpet combining the two styles called cut and loop carpeting. Normally many colored yarns are used and this process is capable of producing intricate patterns from pre-determined designs(although some limitations apply to certain weaving methods with regard to accuracy of pattern within the carpet). These carpets are usually the most expensive due to the relatively slow speed of the manufacturing process.
]Needlefelt
Knotted
On a
knotted pile carpet (formally, a
supplementary weft cut-loop pile carpet), the structural weft threads alternate with a supplementary weft that rises at right angles to the surface of the weave. This supplementary weft is attached to the warp by one of three knot types (see below), such as shag which was popular in the 1970s, to form the
pile or
nap of the carpet. Knotting by hand is most prevalent in
Oriental rugs and carpets. Kashmir carpets are also hand-knotted.
These are carpets that have their pile injected into a backing material, which is itself then bonded to a secondary backing comprising a woven hessian weave or a man made alternative to provide stability. This is the most common method of manufacturing of domestic carpets for floor covering purposes in the world.
A
flatweave carpet is created by interlocking
warp (vertical) and
weft (horizontal) threads. Types of oriental flatwoven carpet include
kilim,
soumak,
plain weave, and
tapestry weave. Types of European flatwoven carpets include Venetian, Dutch,
damask, list,
haircloth, and
ingrain(aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).
A
hooked rug is a simple type of rug handmade by pulling strips of cloth such as wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric such as burlap. This type of rug is now generally made as a
handicraft.
[edit]Embroidery
[
edit]Unlike woven carpets,
embroidery carpets are not formed on a loom.
Their pattern is established by the application of
stitches to a
cloth (often
linen) base. The tent stitch and the cross stitch are two of the most common
Embroidered carpets were traditionally made by royal and aristocratic women in the home, but there has been some commercial manufacture since steel needles were introduced (earlier needles were made of bone) and linen weaving improved in the 16th century.
Mary StewartQueen of Scots is known to have been an avid embroiderer. 16th century designs usually involve scrolling vines and regional flowers (for example, the
Bradford carpet).
They often incorporate animal heraldry and the
coat of arms of the maker. Production continued through the 19th century.
Victorianembroidered carpet compositions include highly illusionistic, 3-dimensional flowers. Patterns for tiled carpets made of a number of squares, called
Berlin wool work, were introduced in Germany in 1804, and became extremely popular in England in the 1830s. Embroidered carpets can also include other features such as a pattern of shapes, or they can even tell a story.
Production of knotted pile carpet
There are several styles of knotting, but the two main types of knot are the
symmetrical (also called Turkish or Ghiordes) and
asymmetrical (also called Persian or Senna).The
warp threads are set up on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The knots are secured with (usually one to four) rows of
weft.
The importance of carpets in the culture of Turkmenistan is such that
the national flag features a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs).Contemporary centers of carpet production are:
Kashmir (
India /
Pakistan ),
Bhadohi[4],
Tabriz (
Iran ),
Afghanistan,
Azerbaijan,
Turkey,
Northern Africa,
Nepal,
Spain,
Turkmenistan, and
Tibet.
Kashmir (India) has World Famous Handknotted carpets. These are usually of Silk and some woolen carpets are also woven.
Child labour has often been used in Asia. The
Rugmark labelling scheme used throughout
Europeand
North America assures that child labour has not been used: importers pay for the labels, and the revenue collected is used to monitor centres of production and educate previously exploited children.
Wool and wool-blends
Wool has excellent durability, can be dyed easily and is fairly abundant. When blended with synthetic fibres such as nylon the durability of wool is increased. Blended wool yarns are extensively used in production of modern carpet, with the most common blend being 80% wool to 20% synthetic fibre, giving rise to the term "80/20". Wool is relatively expensive and consequently a small portion of the market.
Carpet binding Carpet binding is a term used for any material being applied to the edge of a carpet to make a rug. Carpet binding is usually cotton or nylon, but also comes in many other materials, such as leather. Natural binding, in other words, binding not made from synthetic material is frequently used with bamboo, grass, and wool rugs, but is often used with carpet made from other materials
Persian and Armenian carpets
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making."
[12] Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as
artsvagorgs(eagle-carpets),
vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and
otsagorgs (serpent-carpets).The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the
illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.
The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by
Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving.
Armenian carpets were also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian
Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.
Main article:
Persian carpetThe Persian carpet is a part of
Persian (Iranian) art and culture. Carpet-
weaving in Persia dates back to the
Bronze Age.
The earliest surviving corpus of Persian carpets come from the
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in the 16th century. However, painted depictions prove a longer history of production. There is much variety among classical Persian carpets of the 16th and 17th century. Common motifs include scrolling vine networks,
arabesques,
palmettes,
cloud bands, medallions, and overlapping geometric compartments rather than animals and humans
[citation needed]. This is because
Islam, the dominant religion in that part of the world, forbids their depiction
[citation needed]. Still, some show figures engaged either in the hunt or feasting scenes. The majority of these carpets are
wool, but several
silk examples produced in
Kashan survive.
Iranian carpets are the finest in the world and their designs are copied by weavers from other countries as well. Iran is also the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the world's total output and having a share of 30% of world's export markets. Iran is also the maker of the largest handmade carpet in history, measuring 60,546 square feet.
Turkish carpets
Main article:
Turkish carpetCarpets, whether knotted or flat woven (kilim) are among the best known art forms produced by the Turks. They have protected themselves from the extremes of the cold weather by covering the floors, and sometimes walls and doorways, with carpets. These are handmade, of wool or sometimes cotton, with occasional additions of silk. Even technological advances which enable factory-made carpets has not stopped the production of rug weaving at cottage-industry level. Although synthetic dyes have been in use for the last 150 years, hand made carpets are still considered far superior to industrial carpeting.
Turkish carpets in the 15th and 16th centuries are best known through European paintings. For example, in the works of Lotto (15th century Italian painter) and Holbein (16th century Germanpainter), Turkish carpets are seen under the feet of the Virgin Mary, or in secular paintings, on tables. In the 17th century, when the Netherlands became a powerful mercantile country, Turkish carpets graced many Dutch homes. The Dutch painter Vermeer represented Turkish carpets predominantly
[citation needed]to indicate the high economic and social status of the persons in his paintings. Turkey carpets, as they were known, were too valuable to be put on floors, except under the feet of the Holy Mother and royalty
[citation needed].
The Turkish carpets have exuberant colors, motifs, and patterns. Because traditionally women have woven the carpets, this is one art form that is rarely appreciated as being the work of a known or a specific artist.
Oriental carpets in Europe
Oriental carpets began to appear in Europe after the
Crusades in the 11th century. Until the mid-18th century they were mostly used on walls and tables. Except in royal or ecclesiastical settings they were considered too precious to cover the floor. Starting in the 13th century Oriental carpets begin to appear in paintings (notably from Italy, Flanders, England, France, and the Netherlands). Carpets of Indo-Persian design were introduced to Europe via the Dutch, British, and French East India Companies of the 17th and 18th century.
[29]Spanish carpets
Although isolated instances of carpet production pre-date the Muslim invasion of Spain, the
Hispano-Moresque examples are the earliest significant body of European-made carpets. Documentary evidence shows production beginning in Spain as early as the 10th century AD. The earliest extant Spanish carpet, the so-called
Synagogue carpet, is a unique survival dated to the 14th century. The earliest group of Hispano-Moresque carpets,
Admiral carpets (also known as
armorial carpets), has an all-over geometric, repeat pattern punctuated by blazons of noble, Christian Spanish families. The variety of this design was analyzed most thoroughly by
May Beattie. Many of the 15th-century, Spanish carpets rely heavily on designs originally developed on the Anatolian Peninsula. Carpet production continued after the
Reconquest of Spain and eventual expulsion of the Muslim population in the 15th century. 16th-century Renaissance Spanish carpet design is a derivative of silk textile design. Two of the most popular motifs are wreaths and pomegranates.
[30]]French carpets
In 1608
Henry IV initiated the French production of "Turkish style" carpets under the direction of
Pierre Dupont. This production was soon moved to the
Savonnerie factory in Chaillot just west of Paris. The earliest, well-known group produced by the Savonnerie, then under the direction of
Simon Lourdet, are the carpets that were produced in the early years of
Louis XIV's reign. They are densely ornamented with flowers, sometimes in vases or baskets, against dark blue or brown grounds in deep borders. The designs are based on Netherlandish and Flemish textiles and paintings. The most famous Savonnerie carpets are the series made for the Grande Galerie and the Galerie d'Apollon in the
Palais du Louvre between c. 1665-1685. These 105 masterpieces, made under the artistic direction of
Charles Le Brun, were never installed, as Louis XIV moved the court to
Versailles in 1688. Their design combines rich
acanthus leaves, architectural framing, and mythological scenes (inspired by
Cesare Ripa's Iconologie) with emblems of Louis XIV's royal power.
Pierre-Josse Perrot is the best-known of the mid-eighteenth-century carpet designers. His many surviving works and drawings display graceful rococo s-scrolls, central rosettes, shells, acanthus leaves, and floral swags. The Savonnerie manufactory was moved to the
Gobelinsin Paris in 1826.
The Beauvais manufactory, better known for their
tapestry, also made knotted pile carpets from 1780 to 1792. Carpet production in small, privately owned workshops in the town of
Aubusson began in 1743. Carpets produced in France employ the symmetrical knot.